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Epithalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide isolate composed of the four amino acids alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and glycine. It is derived from epithalamin, a crude polypeptide extracted from the pineal gland.
Epithalon upregulates telomerase activity and elongates telomeres, which has prompted research in areas including life extension, anti-aging, and tumorigenesis (a cancer hallmark) inhibition [2, 3].
Known to regulate gene expression and protein synthesis, epithalon has been found to suppress both the CCl11 and HMGB1 genes, thereby increasing the lifespan of test subjects [4]. It also has significant antioxidant effects and has been shown to inhibit carcinogenic receptor expression, which has led to research into its potential anti-tumor effects in breast and colorectal cancer [5, 6].
Epithalon has been investigated as a potential treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis due to its ability to regulate biomolecules involved in the inflammation process, such as cytokines and C-reactive protein [7].
The peptide has also been investigated as a regulator of the sleep cycle, as it increases levels of melatonin and endogenous gonadotropic hormones (FSG, LG, prolactin), which play a role in reproductive function but naturally decline with age [8].
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